Wednesday, December 25, 2013

The Teacher--(draft, in progress)


The Teacher

Of course, first and foremost for many, "Teacher" is a terrific Jethro Tull number. Have a listen and come back.  The lyrics are not my focus here, simply the title, and briefly in this introduction, the music.The bass guitar defines the syncopated, lilting rhythm, and contrasts in its deep tone with Ian Anderson's nasal, alto vocals, which swerve and dive up and down, mimicking the bass line.

Beyond this mere point of departure, I am more than intrigued by the concept, "teacher".  I am taken in by the breadth of meaning the term upon the merest reflection seems to possess.   I think into the word and it gives me pause.  There seems to be in all the word signifies an overarching extent of meaning; as if the word orients the mind uniquely through its pregnant meaning, a single word which holds a deeply fundamental character for us. A word with gravitas. The concept of "teacher", that is,  somehow, to teach, to be a teacher, seems apropos of almost any aspect of our humanness.  Were  "teacher" merely a professional category, I would wonder why the word and concept strike this special, though admittedly, at this juncture of this piece, subjective, deep chord for me, in contrast to other professions:  "gardener", "engineer", "professor", "salesman".  There is no comparison, despite the central role these several professions have for western civilization, or at least for the contemporary western world.

It seems, then, that in exploring the meaning of "teacher", we tread on entirely different soil.  Have we, in this word "teacher", an archetype?  (Please note that the definitions at this link, with complete deference to the most authoritative dictionaries, do not capture the meaning intended by "archtype" here.  Carl Jung, as EB.com explains, certainly popularized the term, as did Joseph Campbell, among the intelligencia of their respective fields of Psychology and Mythology.  However, the meaning here is more along different lines.  The best word eludes me.  In "teacher" we seem to have a mode of human existence, a word capturing what comprises the core definition of humanness itself, explicating a nucleic aspect of what it is to be human.  How closely synonymous is the connotation of "teacher" with that of the word "human".(notation required).

And it is strictly by virtue of the song's overwhelming and record-breaking popularity with this blog's author that it serves as a perfect point of departure for a brief riff on this profound subject, "the teacher".  For the teacher, more specifically the human as he exists, as he is, as a concept corresponds with our core nature.   The significance of the concept "the teacher" reaches far, deeply, into primary notions of what it means to be human altogether.  "The Teacher" in all the multifarious modes through which the teacher participates in and contributes to any society, seems, as a concept, to be of a higher order or class; of the most fundamental of concepts.

In order to clarify, explorations of the most authoritative sources will shortly be of great use. This writer does not rise to the level of authority necessary, given my already clear prejudices in regard to the word's significance, to pronounce on the extraordinary nature of the word, concept and role "teacher" may have for mankind. So far, heavy musings, maybe dancing ably with lead shoes, weighted with some gravitas in light of the most weighty subject matter of what defines us most basically as human beings.  We hope we may have broached the truth of the matter.  In fact, any reader of this piece may justifiably see what has been written here to this point as plain fact, simple to the point of being truism.  If so, this may be evidence for this writer's suspicion that "the teacher" is basic to what any person above a certain age simply "is"--so much so that to pronounce that "aren't we all truly teachers as much as we are men or women?", seems misplaced focus, plain as the nose on my face; almost redundant, such as writing, "a person is a person."  Such critique has been offered me, and I believe I flatter it with the compliment that the observation of the obviousness of the observation is evidence to the observation's veracity.  Indeed, I at the same time flatter my own thinking on the matter, as well.
   Without a degree credentials or State licensure, perhaps we are all born teachers, literally.  A priori.  Again, in the sense as far from the pedagogical type as one can go, as I made clear above.  In the sense, we may say, that the concept is identical withe our very flesh and blood, is a gesture of the soul within us, even of the soul's very nature.  In more mundane terms, in addition to being a human, and either a male or a female, we are a teacher, and from the very womb.
     But here we may have a lacuna in logic.  What newborn can be said to teach anything at all?  It seems preposterous, as absurd as pronouncing that a kitchen sink is a teacher.  What first occurs to us and provides balm for this brief pain is that such infant is indeed born a student.  By the tiny child's presence, by its awake senses and absorption of sensations, from its first breath it certainly learns.  And to reverse myself, with pleasure, by its simple presence the infant teaches whomever lays eyes upon it.  Oh, and the kitchen sink?  No, the infant as human and as inherently social in conception, gestation, and arrival to the light of this planet, lives in ineluctible interaction with whomever the child encounters and whomever encounters him.  The lessons encounters impart may well be ineffable, beyond stillest silence and whole, perfect and pristine.  It is upon these internalized, absorbed lessons that create a primary stratum or rubric into which lessons it will learn and shall impart as it matures shall integrate.

If any reader believes the contention odd, versus my sense of its self-evidence, the rest of this piece may give him or her pause.
BEAuthority is in order, and the first to which I turn is that of tradition.  This being an ambiguous term, to say the least, as there is no "one" tradition but quite many more throughout human civilization, we'll start with the thought of some fixtures of  look at what is known commonly as Western tradition.

Plato, disciple of Socrates, among the germinal teachers of Western civilization, and a singularly influential, original "source" of western intellectual tradition, imparts in his works that the family is the germinal political element. It is the original subset of society, or more correctly, its fundamental building block. To quote:
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I believe from this assertion the philosopher contends one can extrapolate to which political structure is best for cities, states and nations. Whether this contention is true or not seems vitally important to understanding many subjects, dealt with by students of Psychology, Political Science, Sociology, Anthropology and more. 

For our purposes, it seems correct to state that the teacher is the very soul of the family. To clarify, "the soul" indicates that the family is animated, lives, has the entire basis for its thriving, on "the teacher" as this archetype manifests within it.

For what are parents other than the primary educators of their children? Parents teach their children the most axiomatic facts about what being human means, about relationships, character traits, values, acceptable behaviors and, quite more than can fit in one mere sentence. The fact is reducible, though, to a word "humanness". Parents teach what humanness is. And that, whether we know it, or not, and certainly whether we like it, or not, I believe is an inescapable and plain truth. The reason why, if it is true, a parent may wish to escape this fact points to important subjects beyond the purview of this piece.
By definition, then, being a parent means being a teacher in the most fundamental sense. Our instruction of our children in the family context is constant and has intergenerational impact. Of course, the quality of this instruction also has direct communal, societal and intersocietal impact. We as parents rear the leaders and followers of every generation. This, it is true, is no small responsibility, just as our making sure we give ourselves proper meals and nutrition is a vital responsibility, part of simply being a person. Just that.
The role of the professional teacher, be he or she a classroom teacher or private tutor, shows its special significance to children's development when seen in this light. Not all parents teach their children all they need to learn, in scholastic terms. Certainly, quite a small minority of parents may attempt this. Most, by law, perhaps, which itself grew out of tradition and societal necessity, delegate teaching our children scholastic subjects to trained educators.

Private Instruction

Tutoring can be seen as an adjunct to typical classroom education at any grade level. Tutoring is not by definition remedial. To the contrary, it may be the curriculum or pace of a given child's class is not challenging enough, such that a tutor can ratchet up the challenge through inculcating more difficult subject matter. As remedial, or as preparatory, however, tutoring is often indispensable to a child's keeping pace in a given subject or skill area and to tackling a given goal, such as admission to a preferred academic program.
In short, because the tutor is empowered to tailor instruction to the specific needs and goals of a child or adult learner, tutor instruction is highly customized. It is hard to argue that customized instruction for a student is not superior to classroom education. As a traditionally adjunct role to classroom education, tutoring has the potential to perfect a unique child's learning experience, and to maximize the learning potential of students. Classroom learning addresses the basic learning needs of "all'. In addition, the class setting requires as well as teaches and enforces social skills, such as cooperation, discipline, listening skills, and many more. In addition, in one on one tutoring, the individual attention to the custom needs of the unique learner, approximate the attention of the parent, whom we have defined as children's' educators par excellence. The potential for the potent learning by role modelling, built into the biological child-parent bond, is certainly present. It is the tutor's role to seize this opportunity for learning, as one hour of tutoring may equal many more classroom hours in quality of instruction and learning.

Sunday, December 15, 2013

The Theory Which Drives the Research into a Cure for Fragile X

A little history: (the following content is from the www.fraxa.org website:)


Development of the mGluR Theory

  • 1997… FRAXA investigator and scientific advisor Dr. William Greenough reports that FMRP, the fragile X protein, is synthesized in dendrites in response to synaptic activity and stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs).
  • 2000… In a FRAXA-funded research project started at Brown University, Drs. Mark Bear and Kim Huber discover that one mechanism of communication between neurons is defective in mice which have been bred to model Fragile X. This mechanism, called long-term depression (LTD), is a form of synaptic plasticity, the molecular basis of learning and memory. The team studied one specific form of LTD which occurs only if and when mGluRs are stimulated. They found that mGluR-LTD is excessive in the Fragile X knockout mouse.This discovery revolutionizes our understanding of Fragile X and autism. Follow-up experiments have led to the “mGluR Theory” of Fragile X: that exaggerated signaling in mGluR pathways underlies many cognitive, behavioral, and neurological symptoms of Fragile X (and probably autism, too.)
  • 2001… With FRAXA funding, Dr. Robert Bauchwitz of Columbia University tests the mGluR Theory by treating Fragile X mice with MPEP, a compound which blocks mGluR5. According to the theory, this should reverse the major symptoms of Fragile X. In mice, the simplest symptoms to test are hyperactivity and sound-induced seizures. It works: a single low dose of MPEP reverses both symptoms.
  • 2002… Dr. Mark Bear introduces the mGluR Theory at FRAXA’s Banbury Conferenceat Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, spurring other researchers to follow up on this discovery. Fragile X is now becoming accepted as the first known disease of “synaptic plasticity.”
  • 2003… A University of Pennsylvania team led by Dr. Tom Jongens demonstrates that fruit flies with a mutated Fragile X gene have learning deficits and that MPEP can reverse the deficits, even when given to adult flies. The team shows that the Fragile X flies have abnormal brain anatomy, which can also be corrected by treatment with MPEP during development. Further studies demonstrate that lithium, which inhibits mGluR signaling pathways, also rescues Fragile X fly anatomy and cognition. FRAXA commissions further studies at the Bauchwitz lab at Columbia, which confirm that lithium can treat seizures and hyperactivity in Fragile X mice.
  • 2004… FRAXA-funded researcher Dr. Robert Wong at SUNY Downstate demonstrates that Fragile X knockout mouse brain slices have abnormally highseizure activity. He shows that this seizure activity occurs only if mGluR5s are stimulated and that MPEP can block it.
  • 2005… Dr. Peter Vanderklish of Scripps, a FRAXA-funded investigator, shows a distinct pattern of abnormal protein synthesis in Fragile X neurons. This pattern immediately normalizes with brief MPEP treatment.
  • 2005… FRAXA funds a clinical trial of lithium in Fragile X patients, run by Dr. Elizabeth Berry-Kravis.
  • July 2005… Researchers at Hoffman LaRoche report that fenobam, a compound used in Phase II/III human trials from 1978-82, is a selective mGluR5 antagonist. In these trials, fenobam showed efficacy for treatment of anxiety disorders, but it was never tested in patients with Fragile X. Its patent has expired, so it can be tested at will.
  • December 2005… FRAXA contracts with Scynexis to synthesize fenobam for experimental basic research and makes test batches available to qualified researchers free of charge.
  • December 2007… Dr. Mark Bear, Dr. Gul Dolan, and colleagues publish a definitive validation of the mGluR Theory in Neuron (Correction of Fragile X Syndrome in Mice). They generated Fmr1 mutant mice with reduced mGluR5 expression and studied a range of symptoms relevant to the human disorder. They were able to correct 4 out of 5 features of the disorder.
    They note: “Fragile X is a disorder of excess — excessive sensitivity to environmental change, synaptic connectivity, protein synthesis, memory extinction, body growth, and excitability — and these excesses can be corrected by reducing mGluR5 … These findings have major therapeutic implications for FXS and autism.”
  • June 2010… FRAXA builds collaborations with several of the largest pharmaceutical companies and several of the smallest startup companies to bring treatments for Fragile X into clinical trials. We are developing clinical trial sites, as well as improved biomarkers and outcome measures, which will make future trials more effective. We will continue to develop the capacity necessary to advance potential therapies through clinical trials and into routine use. 

What is Fragile X Syndrome? The Theory which Drives Current Research into a Cure

What is the research most likely to lead to treatments for Fragile X in the near future?

While no one can foresee the future, we are optimistic that the mGluR Theory of Fragile X will lead to treatments for Fragile X and for autism.

Nobel Laureate James D. Watson, remarked that the 1991 discovery of the Fragile X gene was“the first major human triumph of the Human Genome Project.”

Because this gene shuts down in people with Fragile X, brain cells don’t communicate normally. In fact, there is actually too much of a certain kind of learning; in scientific jargon this is termed mGluR-LTD. Researchers have found that excessive mGluR-LTD may be common to many forms of autism spectrum disorders. The exciting part of this discovery is that it is possible to correct this hyperactive brain mechanism.
Compounds which dampen the mGluR pathway are in development by major pharmaceutical companies. Clinical trials are in progress now, and open to participants who have Fragile X.
We are on the threshold of treatment for Fragile X, and possibly for autism as well. FRAXA-funded scientists have tested several drug strategies for toning down this excessive activity. Clinical trials of several experimental new compounds are underway.

Fragile X Syndrome: Who is FRAXA?

FRAXA's Mission

FRAXA’s mission is to accelerate progress toward effective treatments and ultimately a cure for Fragile X, by directly funding the most promising research.

FRAXA also supports families affected by Fragile X and raises awareness of this important but relatively unknown disease.
FRAXA was founded in 1994 by three parents of children with Fragile X to support scientific research aimed at finding a treatment and a cure for Fragile X. At that time, there was no Fragile X website or listserv, and only a handful of scientists were studying Fragile X. Funding by the U.S. government for this disease was under $2 million per year, with only $30,000 of that devoted to treatment studies. As parents, we had to change that.
Fragile X research is drastically underfunded, considering its high prevalence, prospects for a cure, and the promise that this research holds for advancing understanding of other disorders like autism, Alzheimer’s disease, and X-linked developmental disabilities.
Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.
- Margaret Mead



  • FRAXA’s Top 2013 Goals

    1. Three years ago, our goal was to initiate human trials of experimental drugs that target mGluR5 (mGluR5 antagonists) in people with Fragile X. That was done, and two years ago we began the next phase: long term (1 month or more) trials in people with Fragile X.
      These have been successful so far: Novartis completed a trial in Europe and published the results, and Roche has recently finished a trial in the U.S.
    2. Our other major goal over the past few years was to initiate clinical trials of available drugs which FRAXA-funded research showed to be promising, including lithium, baclofen, and minocycline. This too has been done:
      1. a small lithium trial was funded by FRAXA and positive results were published
      2. Phase III arbaclofen trials have been completed by Seaside Therapeutics although results were disappointing in Fragile X and in autism
      3. a small minocycline trial was funded by FRAXA in Canada and positive results were published
      4. Large scale trials of two mGluR5 antagonists are now running, sponsored by Novartis and Roche
    1. In 2013, our top goals are:
      1. to move forward with the final studies needed to bring mGluR5 antagonist drugs through clinical trials to the market
      2. to identify additional available drugs that show promise in treating or curing Fragile X
      3. to fund studies to validate additional new drugs – other than mGluR5 antagonists – which have come forward through basic research

Tuesday, December 10, 2013

Flights of Fancy


I taught my 8 year-old child that the word "syndrome" doesn't
just denote Downe's Syndrome as he in his pristine innocence had thought.